Indicator 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services

SDG 1: No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance.

1.4.1 Percentage of population living in households with access to basic services

1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services

1.4.1 Proportion of population using basic sanitation services

1.4.1 Proportion of population using basic drinking water services

1 May 2021

Access to basic services:

4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex

3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods

3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services

7.1.1 Percentage of population with access to electricity

9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road

Access to basic drinking water services:

6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services

Access to basic sanitation services:

6.2.1 Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water

Lao Statistics Bureau

Mr.Vilaysook SISOULATH

Department of Social Statistics

Deputy Director General

+856 20 55 795 043

+856 21 214 740

N/A

vilaysooks@gmail.com

lstats@lsb.gov.la

Concepts and definitions:

The following key concepts were defined to support the indicator in the context of poverty eradication.

Basic Services refer to public service provision systems that meet human basic needs including drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, energy, mobility, waste collection, health care, education, and information technologies.

Access to basic services implies that sufficient and affordable service is reliably available with adequate quality.

Access to Basic Drinking Water Services refers to drinking water from an improved source is available with collection time not more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing. Improved sources include piped water, boreholes, or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. This definition is based on SDG indicator 6.1.

Access to Basic Sanitation Services refers to the use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Improved facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks, or pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets, or pit latrines with slabs. This definition is based on SDG 6.2.

n/a

The Lao Social Indicator Survey

The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) Programme.

Data are collected through household survey-anthropometric measurement.

The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) Programme.

Sampling approach: Two-stage, stratified cluster sampling.

Questionnaires:

Type of interview: Face-to-face. MICS survey utilized Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) starting in 2017 round.

Fieldwork duration: July to November 2017

Data processing. The data collection application was based on the CSPro (Census and Survey Processing System) software, Version 6.3, including a MICS dedicated data management platform. Procedures and standard programs2 developed under the global MICS programme and adapted to the LSIS II, 2017 questionnaire were used throughout. The CAPI application was tested in Vientiane Capital and Vientiane Province during January. Based on the results of the CAPI-test, modifications were made to the questionnaires and application.

Training: Training for the fieldwork was conducted for 31 days between June and July, 2017. Training included lectures on interviewing techniques and the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Participants first completed full training on paper questionnaires, followed by training on the CAPI application. The trainees spent three days in field practice and one day on a full pilot survey in Vientiane province. The training agenda was based on the standard MICS6 training agenda.

Enumerators (data collectors) received dedicated training on anthropometric measurements nd water quality testing for a total of seven days, including three days in field practice and pilot survey. Field Supervisors attended additional training on the duties of team supervision and responsibilities.

Fieldwork: The data were collected by 25 teams; each was comprised of four interviewers, one driver, two measurers and a supervisor. Fieldwork began in July 2017 and concluded in November, 2017. Data was collected using tablet computers running the Windows 10 operating system, utilising a Bluetooth data transfer application for field operations, enabling transfer of assignments and completed questionnaires between supervisor’s and interviewer’s tablets

For detailed methodology, please see the survey report.

(Link provided in the reference section).

Every five years, July to November 2022

one year after the reference year, November 2023

Lao Statistics Bureau

Lao Statistics Bureau

Data collection, processing, dissemination and use of statistics for this indicator is in accordance with the Statistics Law 2017; the National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Statistical System (NSSDSS) 2016-2020; and the Vision for 2030.

Poverty has many dimensions. It is not only a lack of material well-being but also a lack of opportunities to live a tolerable life. Living under the extreme poverty line often encompasses deprivations of safe drinking water, proper sanitation, access to modern energy, sustainable mobility to economic resources, information technology, healthcare, education, etc. Poverty is also a manifestation of hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making. In other words, poverty is multidimensional and covers many aspects of life ranging from access to opportunities, livelihoods and means of survival.

Among the different aspects of poverty, this indicator focuses on “access to basic services”. Providing access to basic services such as safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, sustainable energy and mobility, housing, education, healthcare etc, helps to improve the quality of life of the poor. The lack of basic services provision and the lack of empowerment and involvement of local governments in basic service delivery undermine the economic growth and quality of life in any community. Adequate basic service delivery systems promote socio-economic improvements and help to achieve economic growth, social inclusion, poverty reduction and equality. More specifically, improved basic services can help to raise well-being and productivity of communities, create jobs, save time and human effort in transporting water, support food security, better use of energy, production of essential commodities, improve health (by making medical care, clean water or solid waste collection available) or enhance the level of education.

Basic service delivery must move towards a demand-driven approach, which is appropriate for the local needs – and hence able to respond to the concept of “Access for all. Basic services are fundamental to improving living standards. Governments have the responsibility for their provision. This indicator will measure levels of accessibility to basic services and guide the efforts of governments for provision of equitable basic services for all to eradicate poverty.

Caveats and limitations inherent to survey data applies for this indicator.

There are two computation stages applied based on the level at which data is collected.

Stage 1 is getting the proportion of population that have access to all the basic services mentioned above from primary data sources such as household surveys and census. This step is essential when countries have primary data at the household levels for all the types of basic services.

Proportion of Population with access to basic services =

Stage 2 is the computations of metrics for other components that are not measured at the household level such as access to health, education, transport, etc.

Standard data review and validation protocols were implemented from data collection, processing, calculation to finalization and publication of the results of the survey.

Likewise, consultation process with line ministries and partner agencies on the national data submitted for the SDGs Indicators were conducted prior to the publication of results.

Managing the quality of the indicator is guided by the Lao PDR Statistics Law of 2017 and in accordance with the recommendations of the UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.

FIELDWORK QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES

Team supervisors were responsible for daily monitoring of the fieldwork. Forced re-interviewing was implemented on one randomly selected household per cluster. Daily observations of interviewer skills and performance was conducted. During the fieldwork period, each team was visited multiple times by survey management team members and field visits were arranged for UNICEF MICS Team members. Throughout the fieldwork, Field check tables (FCTs) were being produced weekly for analysis and action with field teams. The FCTs were customized versions of the standard tables produced by the MICS Programme.

These steps are taken to ensure quality of outputs produced is at par with international standards

In general, the quality of the survey results is considered high given the quality management and standards implemented along with the high response rates for all age groups covered in the basic data source used for obtaining the value for this SDG indicator.

The Lao Social Indicator Survey (LSIS) have been conducted at five-year intervals since 2011-2012. Data are available for 2012 and 2017.

Disaggregated by Location (U/R) and Wealth Quantile.

The Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017
https://laopdr.un.org/en/13112-2017-lao-social-indicator-survey

The UNSD SDG Indicators, Metadata repository https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/

Lao PDR Statistics Law, 2017
https://www.lsb.gov.la